How Do Bacteria and Archaea Differ?

Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotic microorganisms that have several differences in their cellular structures and functions. Let's explore some of the key distinctions between these two domains:

Cellular Organization:

Bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. Instead, archaeal cell walls may have substances like pseudo peptidoglycan or other unique compounds.

Ribosomal RNAs:

Bacteria and archaea have different ribosomal RNAs, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis and cell function.

RNA Polymerases:

While bacteria have only one RNA polymerase, archaea possess three RNA polymerases. This difference in RNA processing machinery contributes to variations in gene expression between the two domains.

Cell Membrane Bonds:

The cell membranes of bacteria have ester bonds, whereas archaeal cell membranes have ether linkages. This disparity in lipid composition impacts the stability and function of cell membranes.

Extreme Conditions:

Archaea are known as extremophiles for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and acidic conditions. Bacteria, on the other hand, display a wider range of habitat preferences.